01-过渡与动画
# 过渡
# 过渡的基本使用
# 过渡属性transition
transition
过渡属性是 CSS3 浓墨重彩的特性,过渡可以为一个元素在不同样式之间变化自动添加 “补间动画”。常与 hover
等配合触发过渡。
- 过渡从 IE10 开始兼容,移动端兼容良好
- 曾几何时,网页上的动画特效基本都是由 JavaScript 定时器实现的,现在逐步改为使用 CSS3 过渡
- 优点:动画更细腻,内存开销小
transition
属性有 4 个要素:
- 过渡属性:什么属性需要参与过渡
- 动画时长:过渡动画的动效时长
- 变化速度曲线:实例中 linear 表示匀速
- 延迟时间:经过多长时间开始过渡
# 哪些属性可以参与过渡
- 所有数值类型的属性,都可以参与过渡,比如 width、height、left、top、border-radius
- 背景颜色和文字颜色都可以被过渡
- 所有变形(包括 2D 和 3D)都能被过渡
示例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
div {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
background-color: orange;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
/* 宽度过渡 */
.box1 {
transition: width 1s linear 0s;
}
.box1:hover {
width: 500px;
}
/* 布局位置过渡 */
.box2 p {
position: relative;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
transition: left 1s linear 0s;
left: 0;
}
.box2:hover p {
left: 300px;
}
/* 颜色过渡 */
.box3 {
transition: background-color 1s linear 0s;
}
.box3:hover {
background-color: green;
}
/* 圆角过渡 */
.box4 {
border-radius: 0;
transition: border-radius 1s linear 0s;
}
.box4:hover {
border-radius: 50%;
}
/* 2D形变过渡 */
.box5 {
transition: transform 1s linear 0s;
}
.box5:hover {
transform: scale(1.2) rotate(360deg);
}
/* 3D形变过渡 */
.box6 {
perspective: 300px;
}
.box6 p {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
transition: transform 1s linear 0s;
}
.box6:hover p {
transform: rotateX(360deg) rotateY(360deg);
}
/* all过渡 */
.box7 {
border-radius: 0;
transition: all 1s linear 0s;
}
.box7:hover {
width: 400px;
height: 160px;
background-color: green;
border-radius: 50%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box1">宽度过渡</div>
<div class="box2">
<p>布局位置过渡</p>
</div>
<div class="box3">颜色过渡</div>
<div class="box4">圆角过渡</div>
<div class="box5">2D形变过渡</div>
<div class="box6">
<p>3D形变过渡</p>
</div>
<div class="box7">all过渡</div>
</body>
</html>
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# 过渡的四个小属性
transition 属性的四个值,分别对应四个小属性,小属性的作用和前面介绍的边框小属性一样,为了覆盖大属性。
# 过渡的缓动效果
transition
的第三个参数就是缓动参数,也是变化速度曲线,对应的小属性是 transition-timing-function
。
前面介绍过匀速 linear
,此外还有以下可选项,曲线越陡表示过渡越快。
缓动效果还可以通过贝塞尔曲线来描述。网站 https:/cubic-bezier.com/ (opens new window) 可以生成贝塞尔曲线,自定义动画缓动参数。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box {
border: 1px solid #000;
}
.box p {
width: 60px;
height: 60px;
background-color: orange;
margin-bottom: 10px;
position: relative;
left: 0;
transition: left 5s linear 0s;
}
/* 使用小属性覆盖大属性,为p配置不同的缓动效果 */
.box p:nth-child(2) {
transition-timing-function: ease;
}
.box p:nth-child(3) {
transition-timing-function: ease-in;
}
.box p:nth-child(4) {
transition-timing-function: ease-out;
}
.box p:nth-child(5) {
transition-timing-function: ease-in-out;
}
.box p:nth-child(6) {
/* 贝塞尔曲线 */
transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(.29,-0.98,.5,1.76);
}
.box:hover p {
left: 1000px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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# 过渡效果实战
# (案例)图片标题淡入淡出
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box {
width: 1200px;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 40px auto;
}
.box ul {
list-style: none;
}
.box ul li {
float: left;
width: 380px;
height: 210px;
margin-right: 20px;
/* 子绝父相 */
position: relative;
}
.box ul li img {
width: 380px;
height: 210px;
}
.box ul li .info {
position: absolute;
width: 370px;
height: 30px;
line-height: 30px;
color: white;
bottom: 0;
padding-left: 10px;
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);
/* 透明度设置为0,不是背景的透明度,而是整体的透明度 */
opacity: 0;
/* 过渡 */
transition: opacity 1s ease 0s;
}
/* 当li被触碰的时候,内部的info盒子就要把透明度变为1 */
.box ul li:hover .info {
opacity: 1;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box">
<ul>
<li>
<img src="images/0.jpg" alt="">
<div class="info">北京的故宫</div>
</li>
<li>
<img src="images/1.jpg" alt="">
<div class="info">鸟巢国家体育场</div>
</li>
<li>
<img src="images/2.jpg" alt="">
<div class="info">十七孔桥</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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# (案例)图标放大旋转动效
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box {
width: 508px;
height: 107px;
margin: 40px auto;
}
.box ul {
list-style: none;
}
.box ul li {
float: left;
width: 107px;
height: 107px;
margin-right: 20px;
/* 子绝父相 */
position: relative;
}
.box ul li::before {
content: '';
display: block;
width: 107px;
height: 107px;
transform: rotate(0);
transition: transform 1s ease 0s;
}
.box ul li:nth-child(1)::before {
background-image: url(images/a_1.png);
}
.box ul li:nth-child(2)::before {
background-image: url(images/a_2.png);
}
.box ul li:nth-child(3)::before {
background-image: url(images/a_3.png);
}
.box ul li:nth-child(4)::before {
background-image: url(images/a_4.png);
}
.box ul li img {
position: absolute;
width: 60px;
height: 60px;
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
margin-left: -30px;
margin-top: -30px;
transition: transform .5s ease 0s;
}
/* 背景圆环旋转一周 */
.box ul li:hover::before {
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
/* 中心图标放大1.2倍 */
.box ul li:hover img {
transform: scale(1.2);
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box">
<ul>
<li>
<img src="images/icon1.svg" alt="">
</li>
<li>
<img src="images/icon2.svg" alt="">
</li>
<li>
<img src="images/icon3.svg" alt="">
</li>
<li>
<img src="images/icon4.svg" alt="">
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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# (案例)翻盖动效
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.box {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
margin: 40px auto;
perspective: 500px;
position: relative;
}
.box img {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
border: 1px solid #000;
border-radius: 50%;
}
.box img.dog {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
transform-origin: 0 0;
transition: transform 1s ease 0s;
}
.box:hover img.dog {
transform: rotateY(-180deg);
}
.no2 img.dog {
transform-origin: 100% 100%;
}
.no2:hover img.dog {
transform: rotateY(180deg);
}
.no3 img.dog {
transform-origin: 0 0;
}
.no3:hover img.dog {
transform: rotateX(180deg);
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box">
<img class="cat" src="images/cat.jpg" alt="">
<img class="dog" src="images/dog.jpg" alt="">
</div>
<div class="box no2">
<img class="cat" src="images/cat.jpg" alt="">
<img class="dog" src="images/dog.jpg" alt="">
</div>
<div class="box no3">
<img class="cat" src="images/cat.jpg" alt="">
<img class="dog" src="images/dog.jpg" alt="">
</div>
</body>
</html>
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# (案例)正方体3D旋转
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
section {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
margin: 100px auto;
perspective: 10000px;
}
.box {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
perspective: 10000px;
position: relative;
/* 设置变形类型,保留它内部的3D效果 */
/* 这个盒子又是舞台,又是演员,这个box整体带着里面的p旋转 */
transform-style: preserve-3d;
transition:all 10s ease 0s;
}
section:hover .box {
transform: rotateX(360deg) rotateY(360deg);
}
.box p {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
}
.box p:nth-child(1) {
background-color: rgba(219, 56, 211, 0.486);
/* 前面 */
transform: translateZ(100px);
}
.box p:nth-child(2) {
background-color: rgba(42, 128, 199, 0.486);
/* 顶面 */
transform: rotateX(90deg) translateZ(100px);
}
.box p:nth-child(3) {
background-color: rgba(56, 219, 83, 0.486);
/* 背面 */
transform: rotateX(180deg) translateZ(100px);
}
.box p:nth-child(4) {
background-color: rgba(213, 216, 32, 0.486);
/* 底面 */
transform: rotateX(-90deg) translateZ(100px);
}
.box p:nth-child(5) {
background-color: rgba(236, 82, 102, 0.486);
/* 侧面 */
transform: rotateY(90deg) translateZ(100px);
}
.box p:nth-child(6) {
background-color: rgba(119, 17, 236, 0.486);
/* 侧面 */
transform: rotateY(-90deg) translateZ(100px);
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<section>
<div class="box">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</section>
</body>
</html>
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# 动画
# 动画的定义和调用
# 动画的定义
CSS3 可以直接定义动画,不需要配合 hover 触碰就可以自动执行,要比过渡来的更自动写。
使用 @keyframes
来定义动画,keyframes 表示 “关键帧”,就像 flush 一样定义起始帧和结束帧就可以自动补全动画一样。
在项目上线前,要补上@-webkit-
这样的私有前缀。
# 动画的调用
定义动画之后,就可以使用 animation
属性调用动画。
基本参数
动画的执行次数
第五个参数就是动画的执行次数
如果想永远执行可以写 infinite
如果想让动画的第 2、4、6…(偶数次)自动逆向执行,那 么要加上 alternate 参数即可
如果想让动画停止在最后结束状态,那么要加上 forwards
# 多关键帧动画
前面只介绍了 @keyframes
中定义起始帧 from 和结束帧 to,其实还可以定义多关键帧动画,下图表示在动画周期中,不同时间的关键帧。如在经过 20% 时间时应该是黄色。
示例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
.box1 {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
background-color: orange;
/* 动画调用 */
animation: r 1s linear 0s infinite 3;
}
/* 动画定义,旋转 */
@keyframes r {
from {
transform: rotate(0);
}
to {
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
}
.box2 {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
background-color: blue;
animation: movelr 2s linear 0s infinite alternate;
}
/* 移动 */
@keyframes movelr {
from {
transform: translateX(0);
}
to {
transform: translateX(1000px);
}
}
.box3 {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
background-color: green;
animation: changeToCircle 1s linear 0s forwards;
}
/* 圆角 */
@keyframes changeToCircle {
from {
border-radius: 0;
}
to {
border-radius: 50%;
}
}
.box4 {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
background-color: red;
animation: changeColor 3s linear 0s alternate infinite;
}
/* 多关键帧动画:颜色变化 */
@keyframes changeColor {
0% {
background-color: red;
}
20% {
background-color: yellow;
}
40% {
background-color: blue;
}
60% {
background-color: green;
}
80% {
background-color: purple;
}
100% {
background-color: orange;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box1"></div>
<div class="box2"></div>
<div class="box3"></div>
<div class="box4"></div>
</body>
</html>
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# 动画效果实战
# (案例)发光灯泡和穿梭的火箭
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.dengpao {
position: absolute;
top: 300px;
left: 300px;
}
.guang {
position: absolute;
top: 235px;
left: 222px;
animation: ss 1s ease 0s infinite alternate;
}
@keyframes ss {
from {
opacity: 1;
}
to {
opacity: 0;
}
}
.huojian {
position: absolute;
top: 300px;
left: 800px;
animation: zd .4s linear 0s infinite alternate;
}
@keyframes zd {
from {
transform: translateX(-20px) translateY(-20px);
}
to {
transform: translateX(20px) translateY(20px);
}
}
.line1 {
width: 2px;
height: 166px;
background-color: blue;
position: absolute;
top: 300px;
left: 800px;
transform: rotate(45deg);
animation: yd 1s linear 0s infinite;
opacity: 0;
}
.line2 {
width: 2px;
height: 266px;
background-color: blue;
position: absolute;
top: 340px;
left: 850px;
transform: rotate(45deg);
animation: yd 1s linear .4s infinite;
opacity: 0;
}
.line3 {
width: 2px;
height: 266px;
background-color: blue;
position: absolute;
top: 390px;
left: 890px;
transform: rotate(45deg);
animation: yd 1s linear .68s infinite;
opacity: 0;
}
.line4 {
width: 2px;
height: 266px;
background-color: blue;
position: absolute;
top: 390px;
left: 920px;
transform: rotate(45deg);
animation: yd 1s linear .2s infinite;
opacity: 0;
}
@keyframes yd {
0% {
transform: rotate(45deg) translateY(-300px);
opacity: 0;
}
50% {
opacity: 1;
}
100% {
transform: rotate(45deg) translateY(300px);
opacity: 0;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<img class="dengpao" src="images/dengpao.png" alt="">
<img class="guang" src="images/guang.png" alt="">
<img class="huojian" src="images/huojian.png" alt="">
<div class="line1"></div>
<div class="line2"></div>
<div class="line3"></div>
<div class="line4"></div>
</body>
</html>
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编辑 (opens new window)
上次更新: 2023/06/04, 12:34:19